Strategic Management and Amazon free essay sample

TMA 05 Block 4 Collaborative investigation Contents Part 1 External examination (bunch A) 2 Internal examination (bunch B) 4 Stakeholder investigation (bunch C) 10 Corporate-level procedure investigation (bunch D) 14 Competitive-level technique examination (bunch E) 17 Part 2 Critical evaluation of the examination 23 Part 3 Evidencing of commitment to bunches 28 Part 4 Reflection on collective choice creation 30 Appendix 32 Part 1. Gathering An investigation INTRODUCTION Every individual from group A pre-owned one of the numerous accessible systems to break down the outer condition of Amazon. com, concentrating on the qualities, shortcomings, openings and dangers confronting the association. The discoveries of each member’s examination were amalgamated to shape the substance of the accompanying report. Utilizing the accompanying structures we have recognized the SWOT factors confronting Amazon. com: STEP, Strategic Group Analysis/Strategic Group Map, Porter 5 Forces, Porters Generic Strategies and Competitor Analysis. Examination The far outside condition STEP investigation has appeared: High hindrances to section for new rivals in a similar group as Amazon. com, as there is a huge interest in innovation and showcasing required so as to contend. We will compose a custom exposition test on Vital Management and Amazon or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Financial elements can influence the cost authority approach of Amazon. Policy driven issues are connected with sociological and in this way, are intensified for Amazon’s advertise. The close to outer condition Porter’s 5 powers: Supplier power is restricted, as Amazon is intense client, providers would not wish to lose them. Purchaser power is low, as Amazon will in general offer the most serious all round client experience. The danger of substitute items is low because of the high obstructions to section, and there are no exchanging costs for clients (simple to purchase from contenders) Amazon has united with contenders (or hosts a site for them) and along these lines it can benefit from their deals. Serious condition Strategic gathering examination has indicated that Amazon remains solitary, with its closest rival being eBay. This will in general show that it is a market head. Amazon is effectively executing a cost administration/separation technique empowering it to expand its piece of the overall industry. This encourages Amazon to proceed as a market head. Amazon’s coordinated effort with its rivals has permitted it to source new things and addition financial rents from its accomplices. Amazon’s income cycle permitted it to get cash from a client before it has paid its provider giving the budgetary market more confidence in Amazon permitting it to back itself all the more without any problem. Determination Team A has recognized Amazon. coms key chances and dangers through structure investigation. Development, Technological, Collaborative and Flexibility openings empower Amazon to exploit changing STEP factors, on the other hand, Growth and Operations threaten Amazons current and future position. Amazon has had the option to utilize influence inside the market so as to convince contenders to team up with them and in this way, increase financial rents from these associations. This has empowered Amazon to make extraordinary market development, which has the two chances and dangers and Amazons reaction will decide its future accomplishment inside these liquid markets. Group PROCESS The action was part into littler errands alloted to each colleague so as to do our individual examination covers Amazon’s outer condition, with every one of us answerable for a specific structure. Because of our distinctive accessibility, we couldn't sort out video chat gatherings to settle on continuous choices, and we convey through offbeat methods on the Team A discussion rather all together centered around organizing our last report investigation, in which we utilized an accord with capabilities approach. Reference section 1: SWOT [pic][pic]Bottom of Form [pic] Appendix 2: Strategic gathering map for web based business originations[pic] [pic] [pic]Bottom of Form 2. Gathering B investigation 1. Presentation Amazon. com is one of the biggest online retailers offering a one stop shop answer for their clients. This reports objective is completing a SWOT review of Amazons assets and abilities utilizing conceptsmodels from Unit 2 of Block 3: VRIN/VRIS, Porters esteem chain, and connections between asset, capacities and upper hand from Unit 2 of Block 3 (The OU, 2010). This is a result of individual examinations in 3 subgroups, group conversations and joint effort through concession to apparatuses, obligations and wiki structure. 2. Inner Analysis, a Resource Based View Internal examination is utilized to decide connections among assets and capacities and how they are utilized to make esteem. The RBV recommends that economical upper hand decides associations particular abilities (Johnson et al, 2008). Amazon thusly needs to misuse their capacities (Hooley et al. 2008), so as to create supportable serious methodology. The review of Amazons assets and abilities is appeared in Appendix 1. Figure 1 features Amazons assets and capacities utilizing Barneys (1991) VRIS/N idea: to accomplish economical upper hand, an asset must have four characteristics; it must be significant, uncommon, incomparable and not handily subbed (Block 3, The OU 2010 p. 61-64) a quality for Amazon. [pic] Figure 1, VRIS investigation (Unit 2, Block 3) 3. Assets and abilities in the Value Chain The Value Chain examination (Appendix 2) features how worth is made or lost through inner exercises and can show a need to broaden the advancement of assets/capacities: essential exercises are those straightforwardly worried about creation and conveyance of Amazons administrations (Unit 2, The OU, 2010). It is clear where Amazon can make an incentive through effective exercises and a settled procedure. Since economical upper hand depends on assets and capacities, esteem should be kept up or upgraded for Amazon. om to hold their situation of practical upper hand (Unit 2, The OU, 2010, p. 60). Amazons plan of action offers a synergistic blend of the accompanying advantages which help them to stay serious: †¢ Shopping accommodation †¢ Ease of procurement †¢ Speed †¢ Decision-empowering data †¢ A wide choice †¢ Discounted evaluating †¢ Reliability of request satisf action Amazon. coms mix of administrations and strategic procedures makes an incentive for their clients which thusly createsâ sustainableâ competitive bit of leeway. Despite the fact that these connections can be difficult to prove (causal vagueness) (Unit 2, The OU 2009), Amazons assets/abilities are important as they are hard to recreate (e. g. information). 4. Amazon. coms Dynamic Capabilities Amazons abilities can be portrayed as unique: forms used to oversee assets in light of dynamic condition (Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000). The effect Amazon. coms dynamic abilities have: †¢ proactive adaptable technique †¢ re-molding serious condition/industry norms †¢ better reaction than clients request/KSFs (Unit 2, The OU, 2010) †¢ gathering information use assets to their best potential Since Amazon. com works in a unique enviroment, they ought to dodge dangers or endeavor new chances (SWOT The OU 2010, p. 191) by joining key adaptability with satisfactory assets, bolstered by their capacities. 5. End In this report we cooperatively dissected Amazons assets and abilities which advises their qualities and shortcomings (The OU 2010, p . 190), as outlined in Appendix 3. For Amazon. com to oversee change and to execute serious technique (Block 3, p. 92) is a test since they work in a dynamic and worldwide condition. Amazon. com will along these lines need to constantly restore assets and abilities to respond to the chances and dangers in their outer condition and to guarantee that their cross utilitarian capacities are coordinated. 7. References 1. Square 3, Reading 10: Hitt, H. A. , Keats, B. W. furthermore, DeMarie, S. M. (1998) Navigating in the new serious scene: Building key adaptability and upper hand in the 21st century, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 12, No. 4 Academy of Managment 2. Square 3, Reading 3: Grant, R. M. 1991) The asset based hypothesis of upper hand: suggestions for methodology formulation,California Management Review, Vol. 33, Issue 3. By consent of the Regents. 3. Eisenhardt, K. also, Martin, J. (2000) Dynamic abilities: what right? in The Open University (ed. ) Readings for Block 3, Milton Keynes, The Open University pp. 77-84 4. Award, R. M. (2008), Contemporrary Strategy Analysis (sixth edn), Oxford, Blackwell. 5. Leschly, S. , Roberts, M. J. furthermore, Sahlman, W. A. (2003) Amazon. com 2002, Harvard Business Review. 6. Lester, H. (2006), Creating a special multi-channel client experience, London, Fifty Lessons Ltd [online], http://openuniversity. fiftylessons. com. libezproxy. open. air conditioning. uk/viewlesson. asp? 1=534 (got to July 2009/2011) 7. Watchman, M. E. (1985), Competitive Advantage, New York, Free Press. 8. The Open University (2009) B301 Making feeling of system, Block 1 Introducing technique, Milton Keynes, The Open University 9. The Open University (2010) B301 Making feeling of technique, Block 3 The system toolbox, Milton Keynes, The Open University 10. Viney, H. , Winchester, N. furthermore, Boojihawon (2010). B301, Block 3 The Strategy Toolkit: The Open University. 8. Supplements Appendix 1 [pic] Figure 1 Links between assets, capacities and upper hand (adapated). [pic] Figure 2 Resources and abilities of Amazon. Figure 3 The various leveled structure of abilities (The Open University, 2010 p. 80) (Adapted) Appendix 2 [pic] Appendix 3 [pic] 3. Gathering C butt-centric

Using ABC Countdowns to Summer in School

Utilizing ABC Countdowns to Summer in School Let's be honest. Everyones tallying during the time until summer excursion the understudies, the educators, even the heads! Rather than simply denoting each spending three day weekend on your schedule, make the commencement fun and give everybody something special to anticipate! Whats the ABC Countdown? The ABC Countdown is something that instructors set up with the goal that something cool and energizing happens every day to tally down to summer. When there are 26 days left in school, relegate every day a letter of the letter set. For instance, the 26th day is A, the 25th day is B, etc, right down to the most recent day of school which is Z. Mess around With It There are less than 26 school days left in your year, think about explaining a shorter word, for example, the school name, mascot, or even only the word Summer. It doesnt matter so much to what extent the commencement is, simply play around with it. Models You Can Use Next, its opportunity to get inventive! On A Day, we called it Art Day so the children got the chance to do an uncommon Art exercise in the study hall. On B Day, we called it Buddy Reading Day so the children brought books from home that they got the opportunity to peruse with a companion during quiet understanding time. C Day is Career Day and the children spruced up as an individual in the vocation they might want to enter sometime in the not so distant future. Future specialists wore white coats and future football players wore their pullovers and brought along a football. The commencement proceeds with like that until the last day of school, Z Day, which represents Zip Up Your Bags and Zoom Home Day! The children love the commencement since it gives them something to get amped up for every day. We would suggest making up flyers with the data for the understudies to bring home. You may likewise prefer to make a duplicate for every youngster to keep at school for reference. We would wager your understudies would tape the sheets to their work areas and verify it as every day passed. They would truly get into it! On the off chance that you as of now have less than 26 days left, dont stress! You can in any case commencement the rest of the days with style! Think about explaining the name of your school, a school proverb, or basically the word summer. The skys the cutoff and there are no guidelines. Conceptualize with your kindred educators and see what they concoct! Sound like something you may get a kick out of the chance to do?â An Art day: Create an uncommon craftsmanship venture in class B Buddy perusing: Bring a book to peruse with a companion C Career day: Dress or carry props to show an occupation you may appreciate D Donut day: We will appreciate doughnuts E Experiment day: Experiment with science F Favorite book day: Bring a most loved book G Game day: Your instructor will train another math game H Hat day: Wear a cap today I Impromptu discourse day: Perform talks in class J Joke day: Bring a proper joke to share at school K Kindness day: Share some additional thoughtfulness today L Lollipop Day: Enjoy candies in class M Memorial Day: No School N No schoolwork: No schoolwork this evening O Obstacle course: Compete in hindrance courses P Picnic lunch day: Bring a sack lunch Q Quiet Day: Who is the calmest understudy in our group? R Read a sonnet day: Bring a most loved sonnet to impart to the class S Summer birthday celebrations and sing a tune: You can share birthday treats T Twin day: Dress like a companion U Uplift somebody day: Give praises to one another V Video day: Watch an instructive film today W Water expand hurl day: Compete and attempt to not get wet X-change signatures day: Go outside and exchange marks Y Year-end leeway day: Clean up work areas and the room Z Zip up your pack and return home day: Last day of school! Mess around with your commencement and appreciate these last days with your group! Testing is finished and its opportunity to kick back and make the most of your understudies to the maximum! Glad Summer, educators!

Geography of the Ganges River

Geology of the Ganges River The Ganges River, likewise called Ganga, is a stream situated in northern India that streams toward the fringe with Bangladesh (map). It is the longest stream in India and streams for around 1,569 miles (2,525 km) from the Himalayan Mountains to the Bay of Bengal. The stream has the second most noteworthy water release on the planet, and its bowl is the most intensely populated on the planet with more than 400 million individuals living in the bowl. The Ganges River is critical to the individuals of India as the majority of the individuals living on its banks use it for every day needs, for example, washing and angling. It is likewise noteworthy to Hindus as they think of it as their most holy stream. The Course of the Ganges River The headwaters of the Ganges River start high in the Himalayan Mountains where the Bhagirathi River streams out of the Gangotri Glacier in Indias Uttarakhand state. The icy mass sits at a rise of 12,769 feet (3,892 m). The Ganges River appropriate starts more distant downstream where the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda streams join. As the Ganges streams out of the Himalayas, it makes a tight, rough gorge. The Ganges River rises up out of the Himalayas at the town of Rishikesh where it starts to stream onto the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This zone, likewise called the North Indian River Plain, is a huge, generally level, ripe plain that makes up a large portion of the northern and eastern pieces of India just as parts of Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Notwithstanding entering the Indo-Gangetic Plain around there, some portion of the Ganges River is additionally redirected toward the Ganges Canal for water system in the Uttar Pradesh state. As the Ganges River at that point streams more distant downstream, it alters its course a few times and is joined by numerous other tributary waterways, for example, the Ramganga, Tamsa, and Gandaki waterways to give some examples. There are additionally a few urban areas and towns that the Ganges River goes through on its way downstream. A portion of these incorporate Chunar, Kolkata, Mirzapur, and Varanasi. Numerous Hindus visit the Ganges River in Varanasi as that city is considered the holiest of urban communities. In that capacity, the citys culture is additionally intently integrated with the stream as it is the most hallowed waterway in Hinduism. When the Ganges River streams out of India and into Bangladesh, its fundamental branch is known as the Padma River. The Padma River is joined downstream by huge streams like the Jamuna and Meghna waterways. Subsequent to joining the Meghna, it takes on that name before streaming into the Bay of Bengal. Prior to entering the Bay of Bengal be that as it may, the stream makes the universes biggest delta, Ganges Delta. This locale is a profoundly fruitful dregs loaded region that covers 23,000 square miles (59,000 sq km). It ought to be noticed that the course of the Ganges River portrayed in the above passages is a general depiction of the waterways course from its source where the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda streams join to its outlet at the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges has entangled hydrology, and there are a few distinct portrayals of its general length and the size of its waste bowl dependent on what tributary streams are incorporated. The most generally acknowledged length of the Ganges River is 1,569 miles (2,525 km), and its waste bowl is assessed to be around 416,990 square miles (1,080,000 sq km). The Population of the Ganges River The Ganges River bowl has been possessed by people since antiquated occasions. The main individuals in the locale were of the Harappan progress. They moved into the Ganges River bowl from the Indus River bowl around the second thousand years B.C.E. Later the Gangetic Plain turned into the focal point of the Maurya Empire and afterward the Mughal Empire. The principal European to examine the Ganges River was Megasthenes in his work Indica. In current occasions the Ganges River has become a wellspring of life for the almost 400 million individuals living in its bowl. They depend on the waterway for their every day needs, for example, drinking water supplies and food and for water system and assembling. Today the Ganges River bowl is the most populated stream bowl on the planet. It has a populace thickness of around 1,000 individuals for each square mile (390 for each sq km). The Significance of the Ganges River Beside giving drinking water and flooding fields, the Ganges River is critical to Indias Hindu populace for strict reasons also. The Ganges River is viewed as their most hallowed waterway, and it is revered as the goddess Ganga Ma or Mother Ganges.â As indicated by the Myth of the Ganges, the goddess Ganga plunged from paradise to abide in the waters of the Ganges River to secure, cleanse and bring to paradise the individuals who contact it. Faithful Hindus visit the stream day by day to offer blossoms and food to Ganga. They likewise drink the water and wash in the stream to purge and filter their transgressions. Additionally, Hindus accept that upon death the waters of the Ganges River are expected to arrive at the World of the Ancestors, Pitriloka. Subsequently, Hindus carry their dead to the waterway for incineration along its banks and thereafter their remains are spread in the stream. Sometimes, carcasses are additionally tossed into the stream. The city of Varanasi is the holiest of urban areas along the Ganges River and numerous Hindus travel there place cinders of their dead in the stream. Alongside day by day showers in the Ganges River and contributions to the goddess Ganga there are huge strict celebrations that happen in the stream during the time where a huge number of individuals travel to the waterway to wash with the goal that they can be cleaned of their wrongdoings. Contamination of the Ganges River In spite of the strict centrality and day by day significance of the Ganges River for the individuals of India, it is one of the most contaminated streams on the planet. Contamination of the Ganges is brought about by both human and modern waste because of Indias fast development just as strict occasions. India as of now has a populace of more than one billion individuals, and 400 million of them live in the Ganges River bowl. Thus, quite a bit of their waste, including crude sewage is dumped into the waterway. Additionally, numerous individuals wash and utilize the waterway to clean their clothing. Fecal coliform microbes levels close Varanasi are at any rate multiple times higher than the what is built up by the World Health Organization as sheltered (Hammer, 2007). Modern practices in India likewise have minimal guideline and as the populace develops these enterprises do also. There are numerous tanneries, synthetic plants, material factories, refineries and slaughterhouses along the waterway and huge numbers of them dump their untreated and regularly poisonous waste into the stream. The water of the Ganges has been tried to contain significant levels of things like chromium sulfate, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and sulfuric corrosive (Hammer, 2007). Notwithstanding human and modern waste, some strict exercises likewise increment the contamination of the Ganges. For instance, Hindus accept that they should take contributions of food and different things to Ganga and therefore, these things are tossed into the stream all the time and all the more so during strict occasions. Human remains are likewise frequently set into the waterway. In the late 1980s Indias head administrator, Rajiv Gandhi started the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) to tidy up the Ganges River. The arrangement shut down numerous exceptionally contaminating mechanical plants along the stream, and designated subsidizing for the development of wastewater treatment offices however its endeavors have missed the mark as the plants are not huge enough to deal with the waste originating from such a huge populace (Hammer, 2007). A considerable lot of the dirtying mechanical plants are additionally proceeding to dump their perilous waste into the stream. In spite of this contamination, nonetheless, the Ganges River stays critical to the Indian individuals just as various types of plants and creatures, for example, the Ganges River dolphin, an extremely uncommon types of freshwater dolphin that is local just to that zone. To become familiar with the Ganges River, read A Prayer for the Ganges from Smithsonian.com.

The Weaker Dominating the Stronger Rhetorical Strategies in Gladwells David and Goliath - Literature Essay Samples

In the Elah valley, a massive warrior Goliath was slain by a shepherd David in a battle. Many see the battle to be one of sheer luck and wit, but this fable could uncover a more broad and common perspective. Gladwell argues that the weaker person, or underdog, will not always lose or be at fault. He believes that â€Å"the powerful and strong are not always what they seem† and that power has a limit, citing various events and people who have overcome each of their own obstacles. These various references to past events and people along with the use of common rhetorical strategies make Gladwell’s argument that â€Å"the powerful and strong are not always what they seem† a plausible one. Gladwell’s most remarkable way of helping to argue his point is through his use of various allusions to events. Whether he references a conflict between the Irish people, the moment cancer becomes cured by a doctor, or the invention of a new anti-criminal law in California; Gladwell always uses them well to strengthen his argument. For example, Gladwell uses the story of a woman that he refers to as â€Å"Caroline Sacks†. She chose to go to a very prestigious university, Brown University, instead of the University of Maryland. The competition that she had in her classes caused her to flunk out. He uses the story to argue that at a less prestigious college, she may have completed her degree, since she would’ve had the same opportunities out of college and she would’ve had less competition in her classes. (However, the argument is more fully developed through the use of statistics, which will be discussed later.) Another allusion that Gladwell makes is a ref erence to the success of a Junior High basketball team led by Vivek Ranadivà ©. A majority of the players have little experience with basketball, so Ranadivà © uses a full court press, where all players cover the field to play defense. This technique used little skill and didn’t require tricky, long-distance shots, so the players were successful. The result was that the basketball team beat more skilled competitors and reached the national championships for junior high basketball. Gladwell’s skillful use of allusions is strengthened furthermore when he connects this story of Ranadivà © with the victory of Arabs under the Lawrence of Arabia, when he beat the skilled Turks using unconventional welfare. These allusions account for a large reason why Gladwell’s argument is so successful. Gladwell’s argument is successful because of his use of ethos, logos, and pathos, as well. Gladwell connects to the audience by appealing to the emotions (pathos), as he questions the reader several times. For example, Gladwell asks the question, â€Å"You wouldn’t wish dyslexia on your child. Or would you?† after thoroughly discussing the problems that a dyslexic suffers through. Another use of pathos would be when Gladwell commands the reader to imagine he or she is a doctor and whether they would slack off more if they had fewer clients compared to working harder if they had more clients. This argument would be used to push the idea that fewer students in a classroom is not always a benefit to the students or teachers. Gladwell strengthens his argument through the use of information from knowledgeable people, referred to as ethos. He uses the knowledge of these people from the very beginning, even being used to explain how David may have been more advantaged i n the battle than one may think. He cites that Goliath had a medical condition that professionals coined acromegaly, which made him not only gigantic but also impaired his vision. The point that David was advantaged in the battle is further explained using the knowledge of Eitan Hirsch, a ballistics expert with the Israeli Defense Forces, who said that a shot from an expert slinger at a distance of thirty-five meters would be enough to penetrate Goliath’s skull and to kill him. This leads to an analogy that this simple slingshot is similar to a simple, modern handgun, which is quite the powerful weapon. Another reference to a knowledgeable person occurs in the discussion about Caroline Sacks. Sacks felt that she had a problem competing with the intelligent students at Brown University, so she dropped out. However, she would’ve been at the top of the class at a less prestigious college, like the University of Maryland (her second choice). Gladwell references psychologist Herbert Marsh’s idea of the â€Å"Big Fish-Little Pond theory† to further prove the point that Sacks may have still succeeded if she went to a less prestigious college. Marsh’s idea was that the more elite a college or university is, the less proud a student feels about his or her accomplishments. The idea becomes even more powerful when it gets connected to another competition—the contest to get into the Salon in France. Thousands of artists would try every year to get a spot in this Salon, but only a select few would get accepted. A group of impressionist painters who decide to no t worry about the Salon and want to become a â€Å"big fish in a little pond†, leading them to become highly-regarded artists, which includes Renoir and Degas, just to name a few. The most remarkable technique that Gladwell uses in his book to argue that â€Å"the powerful and strong are not always what they seem† is the use of statistics and facts, or logos. The chapter discussing Caroline Sacks uses statistics to argue that a person who is top of the class at a less prestigious institution may have the same success in being published after getting a PhD compared to one who is top of the class at a college like Princeton or Harvard. Gladwell compares the average amount of papers published after graduating with the percentile at which they graduated. The data shows that a person who has an easier chance of being top of the class at a less prestigious college will still have a great chance of succeeding after college. The use of statistics is so prevalent that even one chapter is devoted to a graph. The chapter discussed whether a small class size was truly the best relied fully on a graph. Gladwell dubbed the graph an â€Å"inverted U-curve†, sta ting that there is always a maximum value. After the maximum value, the success would begin to decrease, arguing that there is a limit to success. The U-curve is solidified once Gladwell asks teachers about their ideal class size. The teachers state that a size around twenty would be best. Anything higher would add too much work to the teacher’s work load and anything lower may allow for limited points of view in a discussion or a small amount of work that may cause the teacher to slack off. The idea of the U-curve continues up until a later chapter, in which Gladwell discusses why the police putting too many people in jail may be a problem. Gladwell finds out from criminologist Todd Clear that â€Å"if more than two percent of the neighborhood goes to prison, the effect on crime starts to reverse.† This information cemented the idea that there must be a limit to power and that law enforcement, like many other issues, follow an inverted U-curve. The world presents many with obstacles and challenges. Some challenges are lifelong and unchangeable, such as dyslexia, while others are able to be circumvented, such as getting into the Salon. The real premise behind David and Goliath is that these traits are commonly misunderstood and that power does have a limit. Gladwell’s constant use of allusions, statistics, and references to knowledgeable figures give credibility to his claim and prove that, after all, a giant isn’t as giant as he may seem.

Relationhship between China and Taiwan in Emma Tungs...

In her book Taiwan’s Imagined Geography Emma Tung presents the history of the relationship between China and Taiwan beginning in 1683 and ending in 1895. In this work she presents and defends the crucial role of travel writing in the Qing Empire moving past seeing Taiwan as a â€Å"ball of mud† without worth to incorporating the island into the Chinese empire. The majority of the book is a summarization of the history of Taiwan after it was conquered by China, as well as the way in which travel writing was used in developing the Chinese’ early beliefs about Taiwan. Despite having captured Taiwan the Xangqi Emperor did not feel that the island was of much use or importance. His court agreed and proposed to dispose of the land once the Chinese had been removed from the area, however a man named Shi Lang disagreed and argued the merits of the island. The popular opinion of Taiwan was influenced by its distance from mainland China, the socio-political climate, and lore applied from popular mythologies due to the lack of true information about Taiwan and its people. The predominant belief being that the people were savages and the island fell outside of the natural limits of China and should not be included in the domain. The beliefs were also influenced by the lack of political connection between China and Taiwan – who unlike Korea did not acknowledge China as superior and pay tribute to the large empire .In addition spiritual beliefs about the cosmos placed Taiwan as a wilderness

Case Study of Mrs Valerie-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Analyse the vital signs and Pathology report to understand the reasons for abnormalities and their impact. Answer: Introduction: Evidence based practice is the process of integrating best evidence in nursing practice to address specific clinical issues of patient and improve their health outcome. A nurse has the duty and responsibility to carry out patient assessment, interpret patients information and engage in critical decision making to determine the appropriate nursing intervention or specific clinical condition (DiCenso, Guyatt, Ciliska, 2014).The process of assessment and planning of nursing intervention is demonstrated in this essay through the case of Mrs. Valerie Jackson. She is a 65 year old patient who has been recently diagnosed with cardiac arrthymia. She had been transferred to the HDU for open large bowel resection. Based on patients current symptoms and pathological information, the essay explains the reasons for the condition by means of discussion on the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmia. Secondly, the essay analyses the vital signs and pathology report to understand the reasons for abno rmalities and their impact. Based on this discussion, the specific assessment needs of patient are determined and three nursing interventions to improve Valeries condition is discussed. Pathophysiology of presenting problem: Mrs. Valerie has been diagnosed with cardiac arrhythmia. It is a condition associated with abnormal heart rhythm. In some case, the heart beat is too fast that normal rate-100 beats per minute (tachycardia) or too slow than normal rate- 60 beats per minute (bradycardia). This change in heart beat is seen due to the change in the normal sequence of electrical impulses (Schwartz, 2014). These impulses generate eratically resulting in too fast or too slow heart beat. The pathophysiological explanation for this is explained by the process of enhanced or suppressed automaticity and triggered activity. Automaticity is the normal property of all myocytes and this property gets hampered due to ageing, ischemia, effect of certain medications and other factors (Tse, 2016). The advancing age of Valerie might be a reason for change in property of automaticity. The condition of suppressed automaticity leads to dysfunction of sinus node and the enhanced automaticity leads to multiple arrhythmia (Y abluchansky et al., 2016). This condition can be identified in patient by the symptoms of dizziness, loss of consciousness, shortness of breath and chest discomfort. Triggered activity is another condition or mechanism behind cardiac arrhythmia. It is the initiation of impulse on the basis of afterdepolarization. However, triggered activity occurs when both early depolarization and after depolarization initiates at the same time. This form of abnormal impulse excitation results in reentrant excitation (Antzelevitch et al., 2014). In contrast with the condition of cardiac arrhythmia, normal cardiac rhythm is seen when spontaneous impulse is generated from the sinoatrial node and transmitted to the myocardium (Ruthruff Lien, 2016). Hence, in normal condition, impulse formation and transmission to the atrial and ventricular mycocardium occurs in a synchronous pattern. However, myocardial disease and certain cardioactive drugs disrupts the normal cardiac rhythm and changes the activity of the sinus node. Major changes is observed in automaticity of the myocardium that results in compromised cardiac function and adverse symptoms in patients like Vale ria (van der Lende et al., 2015). Interpretation of rhytm: The examination of the rhythm strips of Mrs. Valerie indicates the condition of sinus tachycardia or abrupt increase of heart rhythm. This is defined by a value greater than 100 beats/minute. The event is traced by the PQRST wave on the rhythm strip. P wave represents the discharge of the SA node and depolarization of the atria. The pattern of the wave indicates condition of tachycardia in Mrs. Valerie and this might have occurred because of increase in demand of oxygen due to stress, infection or blood loss. Mrs. Valerie might be presenting with this condition because she had a bowel resection and it might have lead to blood loss (Baruscotti et al., 2016). Sinus Tachycardia is a condition of rhythm in which rate of impulse generating from the sinoatrial node increases. This kind of rhythm is mostly seen in patient with cardiovascular disease. The normal heart beat is seen in an individual due to the mechanism of systematic interplay between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous sy stem (Ruthruff Lien, 2016).. However, this system is significantly affected by ageing. Due to ageing, the property of heart muscles cells and walls changes. The wall of the arteries becomes thicker and elasticity is lost (Ho Snchez-Quintana, 2016). Hence, damage to heart tissue might the reason for the abnormal heart rhythm in Mrs. Valerie. It is very likely that this condition might have occurred in patient due to advancing age. Strait Lakatta (2012) also gives the evidence that aging is one of the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease because of declining cardioprotective system. Ageing leads to many type of changes in older people. Firstly, structural changes in vascular wall and heart are seen due to aging. Secondly, functional changes reduce the ability to respond to workload and cardiac mechanism for protection from injury is become defective. These factors might be the reason for the presentation of bradycardia in heart rhythm strips. Discussion of normal or abnormal pathology results: The pathology results of Mrs. Valerie gave the following outcome: Sodium- 148 mmol/L Potassium- 3.1 mmol/L Chloride- 90 mmol/L Bicarbonate- 20mmol/L Magnesium- 0.50 mmol/L Phosphate- 0.60 mmol/L The normal level of sodium in blood is between 135mmol/L to 145mmmol/L, however Mrs. Valeries sodium level was 148 mmmol/L which is slight high. A high sodium level may lead to the condition of hypernatremia. This kind of electrolyte imbalance may be caused by dehydration, endocrine disease, hyperventilation and use of drugs like steroids and blood pressure lowering medication (Hauptman et al., 2013). Due to this condition, Mrs. Valerie may have symptoms of sweating, fever, dizziness and diarrhea. She might exhibit this condition due to decrease in water excretion. This might lead to hazardous complication in patient and heart rate variability. High salt is likely to increase blood pressure, decrease heart rate and increase the frequency of changes in heart rate (McNeely, Windham, Anderson, 2008). Hence, hypernatremia is a major clinical presentation for patients with high blood sodium levels. Symptoms may range from mild signs like nausea and vomiting to severe signs like seizures and coma. Magnesium and potassium plays an important role in the development of cardiac arrthythmia in patient. The magnesium and potassium level in blood of Mrs. Valerie was 3.3 mmol/L and 0.50 mmol/L respectively. Both values are below the normal threshold value as normal volume of magnesium and potassium in blood are 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L and 0.7 to 1.10 mmol/L. Low magnesium level may lead to the clinical presentation of hypomagnesium in patient. Normal magnesium level is important for maintenance of heart and nervous system function. The condition may be caused by low magnesium in diet, renal damage, endocrine disorder and high excretion of magnesium from the body. Magnesium depletion is the major cause of diagnosis of arrhythmias in patient (Efstratiadis, Sarigianni, Gougourelas, 2006). Magnesium maintains intracellular concentration and the depletion of the same leads to cardiovascular impairments. Loop diuretics also result in loss of potassium and magnesium from the body which ultimately impairs cardiovascular functions (Agus, 2016). The pathological results of Mrs. Valerie also indicate low chloride and bicarbonate level as it was 90mmol/L and 20mmol/L. Both the values are below the normal value. This might also lead to electrolyte imbalance issue. Hypocholermia is also mainly caused by the effect of diuretics and laxatives. As Mrs. Valerie has open large bowel section, the electrolyte imbalance might be the reason for her decreased urine output. Low chloride level might lead to the condition of dehydration, high fever or no symptoms too. The fluctuation in the sodium level will have a major impact on the heart rate of Mrs. Valerie. This is because heart rate is regulated by the mechanism of sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Sodium outside the cell and potassium inside the cell functions to initiate nerve impulse (DeMorais Biondo, 2012). However, decreased sodium level causes low blood pressure and increased heart rate. Hence, the cardiac rhythm strip may change due to changes in sodium level. On the othe r hand, changes in bicarbonate level might lead to acidosis in patient. Urso, Brucculeri, Caimi, (2015) explains that electrolyte and acid base abnormalities cause fatal complications in patients with heart disorder. This is because of the alteration of the neurohumoral activation. This might lead to adverse event during diuretic therapy and play a major role in the development of cardiac arrhythmias too. Discussion on assessment criteria and nursing interventions On the examination of the pathological results of Mrs. Valerie and summary of her fluid balance after the open large bowel resection, it is understood that the patient is prone to many complications like loss of consciousness, changes in heart rate, decreased urine output and impaired cardiovascular functions. She is also at risk of fall due to symptoms of dizziness due to the electrolyte imbalance in her body. To manage her condition and promote health and wellbeing of patient, many nursing assessment is required. Firstly, the vital signs of patients needs to be closely monitored since the patients has high chance of fluctuations in vital signs due to electrolyte imbalance. Secondly, Mrs. Valeria is under nasogastric tube on free drainage, so the nurse needs to assess the position and potency of the tube. Patients with bowel resection are also prone to infection so checking the colour and amount of drainage from surgical site is necessary. In addition to manage the condition of card iac arrhythmia in patient, it is necessary to routinely assess the pulse rate and heart rate of patient. ECG tracing, vital signs assessment, need for more pathological test and hemodynamic monitoring will also be an important assessment criteria for nurse. The main issue present in Mrs. Valerie is the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmia and the issue in fluid balance after bowel resection. To manage these issues, three nursing intervention is necessary for Mrs. Valerie. Firstly, the nurse needs to provide preoperative nursing intervention for the care of bowel resection. This is importance because patient is important to prevent infection in patient and promote quick recovery. The nurse will have to ensure the patency of the nasogastric tube as it will provide comfort to patient and result in healing. To prevention any type of infection after surgery, it is critical for the nurse to manage change in colour and amount of drainage. While on nasogastric tube, the patient is at high risk of sodium, potassium and chloride imbalance (Joseph, Vaughan, Strand, 2015). Hence, the nursing intervention of maintaining intravenous fluid is most important. This can be done by providing replacement fluids and adequate electrolytes to patient. After critically reviewing the blood results of Mrs. Valerie, great fluctuation in electrolyte level was found. As electrolyte imbalance is the factor that results in complications of heart rate and cardiovascular dysfunction, nursing interventions related to electrolyte balance is important. The care plan for electrolyte imbalance would be to monitor heart rate and respiratory rate regularly. The patient must be encouraged to take deep breath to avoid respiratory complications. Secondly, due to greater likelihood of symptoms of dizziness, the nurse has a role in assessment of consciousness and neuromuscular function (Williams Hopper, 2015).Mrs. Valerie particularly has problem of decreased output and taking steps regarding this is important. Based on the risk of different conditions like hypernatremia or hypomagnesia, providing the required electrolyte will be important. The third nursing intervention is related to the management of the condition of cardiac arrhythmia. For this, it is necessary to control the erratic fluctuation of heart rate in patient. In this situation, it will be necessary for the nurse to monitor pulse rate regularly. ECG tracing and evaluation of ECG by regular consultation with physician is also critical to manage adverse symptoms of patients. As the clinical issue of electrolyte imbalance is mainly caused by the effect of certain drugs, it will be necessary to closely assess each medication before giving to patient. Monitoring signs of drug toxicity is important to recognize irregular rhythm and control them (Jurgens et al., 2015) . Conclusion The essay evaluated the condition of Mrs, Valerie, a patient with cardiac arrhythmia and bowel resection through the discussion on the pathophysiology of the condition. The vital signs of patient post operation and pathological results gave indication about the range of risk and abnormalties in patient. The reasons for abnormality were adequately discussed with support from evidence. Based on the examination of electrolyte imbalance issue and other risk in patient, nursing interventions were adequately planned and summarized. This work form the basis of evidenced based practice as all issues and care plan has been supported with evidence based practice. References Agus, Z. S. (2016). Mechanisms and causes of hypomagnesemia.Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension,25(4), 301-307.lar block.Heart Rhythm,12(3), 498-505. Antzelevitch, C., Nesterenko, V., Shryock, J. C., Rajamani, S., Song, Y., Belardinelli, L. (2014). The role of late I Na in development of cardiac arrhythmias. InVoltage Gated Sodium Channels(pp. 137-168). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Baruscotti, M., Bianco, E., Bucchi, A., DiFrancesco, D. (2016). Current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for inappropriate sinus tachycardia: role of the If funny current.Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology,46(1), 19-28. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014).Evidence-Based Nursing-E-Book: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Efstratiadis, G., Sarigianni, M., Gougourelas, I. (2006). Hypomagnesemia and cardiovascular system.Hippokratia,10(4), 147. Hauptman, P. J., Burnett, J., Gheorghiade, M., Grinfeld, L., Konstam, M. A., Kostic, D., ... Zannad, F. (2013). Clinical course of patients with hyponatremia and decompensated systolic heart failure and the effect of vasopressin receptor antagonism with tolvaptan.Journal of cardiac failure,19(6), 390-397. Ho, S. Y., Snchez-Quintana, D. (2016). Anatomy and pathology of the sinus node.Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology,46(1), 3-8. Joseph, J., Vaughan, R., Strand, H. (2015). Effectiveness of nurse-performed endoscopy in colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review.Gastrointestinal Nursing,13(4). Jurgens, C. Y., Goodlin, S., Dolansky, M., Ahmed, A., Fonarow, G. C., Boxer, R., ... Fleg, J. L. (2015). Heart failure management in skilled nursing facilities.Circulation: Heart Failure,8(3), 655-687. van der Lende, M., Surges, R., Sander, J. W., Thijs, R. D. (2015). Cardiac arrhythmias during or after epileptic seizures.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, jnnp-2015. McNeely, J. D., Windham, B. G., Anderson, D. E. (2008). Dietary sodium effects on heart rate variability in salt sensitivity of blood pressure.Psychophysiology,45(3), 405-411. Olshansky, B., Sullivan, R. M. (2013). Inappropriate sinus tachycardia.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,61(8), 793-801. Ruthruff, E., Lien, M. C. (2016). Aging and Attention. Schwartz, P. J. (2014). Cardiac sympathetic denervation to prevent life-threatening arrhythmias.Nature reviews Cardiology,11(6), 346-353. Strait, J. B., Lakatta, E. G. (2012). Aging-associated cardiovascular changes and their relationship to heart failure.Heart failure clinics,8(1), 143-164. Tse, G. (2016). Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias.Journal of arrhythmia,32(2), 75-81. Urso, C., Brucculeri, S., Caimi, G. (2015). Acidbase and electrolyte abnormalities in heart failure: pathophysiology and implications.Heart failure reviews,20(4), 493-503. DeMorais, H. A., Biondo, A. W. (2012). Disorders of chloride: hyperchloremia and hypochloremia.Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice. 4th ed. Elsevier, St Louis, 80-91. Williams, L. S., Hopper, P. D. (2015).Understanding medical surgical nursing. FA Davis.nce Yabluchansky, M., Bogun, L., Martymianova, L., Bychkova, O., Lysenko, N., Makienko, N. (2016). Heart rhythm disturbances.

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